• Teacher reads the textbook or writes questions and answers on the blackboard and students copy these. At times one child reads the textbook aloud while others listen.

• Children memorise facts given in the textbook or as told by the teacher.

• Teacher controls what happens in the class. Children’s participation is minimal.

• Children generally learn individually.

• Timetable is fixed.

• Seating arrangement is fixed.

• Material is only for display.

• Children look bored and disinterested.

• Teacher provides learning situations that give children an opportunity to observe, explore, question, experience and develop their own understanding of various concepts.

• Children construct knowledge on their own, based on their experiences in and outside the school.

• Children work both individually and also in groups, discussing, sharing, co-operating and respecting others’ viewpoints.

• Timetable is flexible, depending on what children want to do.

• Seating arrangement changes according to the activity.

• A variety of materials, aids and equipments are available and used by children.

• Children do not get distracted when visitors come in or the teacher goes out as they are engrossed in what they are doing.